Browse Submitted Names

Nona f English
Nickname or short form for Winona.

Nonita f Lithuanian, English (Rare)
Diminutive of Nona 1.

Nonnie f English (Rare)
Variant of Nonie.

Noora f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nora 1

Noorie f English (Modern, Rare)
Probably a diminutive or variant of Noor, with the -ie ending possibly influenced by names like Marie, Annie, Jessie, Julie, etc... [more]

Norahlee f English (American)
Variant of Noralee

Noralee f English (American, Rare)
Combination of Nora 1 and Lee.

Noralyn f English (Rare)
Elaboration of Nora 1 using the popular name suffix lyn.

Norb m English
Diminutive of Norbert.

Norborne m American (Rare)
Probably derived from the place name Norborne (Missouri).

Norda f English

Nordia f American (Rare), Jamaican Patois (Rare)

Nordica f American (Modern, Rare)

Nordonette f American (Rare)

Norell m African American

Norella f English (Rare)
Elaborated form of Nora 1.

Norelle f English (Australian, Rare)

Norena f American (Hispanic)
Variant of Norina.

Noressa f English (Rare, Archaic)
Elaborated form of Nora 1.

Noreta f English (American)
Variant of Norita.

Noretta f English
Diminutive of Nora 1.

Nori f Dutch (Rare), English (Modern, Rare)
Diminutive of Eleanor, Eleonora, Nora 1 and other similar names with the -nor- sound.... [more]

Norine f English
Variant of Noreen.

Norinne f American
Elaboration of Nora; amalgam of Noreen and Corinne.

Noris m English
Variant spelling of Norris.

Norita f English (American)
In the year 1935, a contest for naming an orphaned baby girl was held in the radio show 'Betty and Bob' with a price money of $10,000.... [more]

Normal m & f English (American, Rare)

Normandie f English (Rare)
Derived from Normandie, the name of a region in France, called in English Normandy... [more]

Normani f English (Rare)
Feminine form of Norman.

Normetta f English (American, Rare)
Combination of Norma with the suffix -etta.

Normie f & m English (Rare)

Norne f English (Rare), Afrikaans (Rare), Filipino (Rare)
Variant of Norna.

Norrie m & f Dutch (Rare), English, Scottish
For men, this name is a diminutive of Norbert (Dutch) and Norman (English and Scottish). In the case of the latter two usages, the name can also be derived from the surname Norrie.... [more]

Nort m English (American, Archaic)
Short form of Norton.

Northern m English
Simply means "northern" from the English word. This name was used briefly in the middle of the twentieth century. Five males were given it in 1955, the last year in which it qualified to be counted by SSA data... [more]

Northland m English (American, Rare)
The name was given to a baby boy born on a ship named 'Northland'.

Norval m English
Derived from the surname Norval, which is an Anglo-Scottish variant of Norville, a Norman French surname that was brought to Great Britain during or after the Norman Conquest... [more]

Norvel m English (Rare)

Norville m Popular Culture, English (Rare), Jamaican Patois (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Norville. The character Shaggy, of Scooby-Doo fame, bears this name.

Nory f Literature, English (Rare)
Diminutive of Nora 1. It was used by Patricia Reilly Giff for the central character in her children's novel Nory Ryan's Song (2000).

Noryanne f English (African)
Combinations of the name Nory and Anne 1 or Anna.

Notch m English (Rare)

Nouh m American (Modern, Rare), Arabic (Maghrebi)
Variant of Nuh.

Nouveau f & m English (Rare)
Means "new" in French. This is not used as a given name in France.

Nouvel f English (Rare)
Variant of Nouvelle, although in the instance of the daughter of Brad and Angelina Jolie-Pitt it is transferred use of the surname Nouvel in homage to architect Jean Nouvel.

Nouvell f English
Variant of Nouvelle. This is not used as a given name in France.

Nouvelle f English
Feminine form of Nouveau. This is not used as a name in France itself.

Novah f English (British)
Variant of Nova.

Novalea f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Novalee.

Novaleigh f English (Modern)
Variant of Novalee.

Novalene f English (American, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of Novaline.

Novali f English, Swedish (Modern)
Variant of Novalie.

Novaline f English (American, Rare)

Novalise f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Novalee, influenced by Annalise. The name Novalise was given to 11 girls born in the United States in 2021, according to the U.S. Social Security Administration.

Novalyn f English (American, Rare)
Variant of Novalynn. Novalyn was given to 26 girls in 2018 according to the SSA.

Novalyne f English (American, Rare)
A variant of Novalene.

Novalynn f English (Modern, Rare)
A combination of Nova and Lynn.

Novana f English
Blend of Nova and Ana.

Novaya f English (Modern, Rare)

Novea f English (Rare), English (American, Rare)
Variant of Novia. According to the SSA, Novea was given to 5 girls in 2018.

Novel m & f English (Rare)
From the English word novel, a type of literature.... [more]

Novelette f African American (Modern, Rare)
Possibly an elaborated form of Novella, inspired by the English word novelette meaning "a short novel".

Novelia f English (American, Archaic)

Novelle f American (Rare)
Variant of Novella.

Novellette f English (Canadian)

November f & m English (Rare)
From the Latin word novem, meaning "nine". November was the ninth month of the Roman calendar before January and February were added around 713 BC. It is now the eleventh month of the year.... [more]

Novi f English (American)
Possibly a variant of Nova. Novi was given to 17 girls in 2017.

Novia f Ancient Roman, Indonesian (Modern), English (Rare)
Feminine form of Novius.

Novie f American
Diminutive of Nova.

Novis f English (Rare)

Novy f & m English (Rare)

Nowella f American (Rare), Filipino (Rare), Antillean Creole (Rare)
Feminine form of Nowell.

Noxx m & f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nox or Knox

Nsikan m African American

Ntomakeh m English (African)
Ntomakeh is a palatial name in the Tikari villages of Bamunka-Ndop and Bamunkumbit in Ngoketunjia, Former British Southern Cameroons. It is a name for male title holders in the village signifying "nobility"... [more]

Nudge m English (Australian)
The use of the name (particularly as a pet name) in Australia is likely due to the character of Gerald "Nudge" Noritis, a character from the Australian sitcom 'Hey Dad..!'.

Nuit f English (British), Egyptian Mythology
Nuit is the Ancient Egyptian goddess of the heavens, with her name meaning "sky." Originally she was only the goddess of the night sky, but gradually she came to represent the sky in general. Nuit also protects people in the afterlife... [more]

Nula f English (British, Rare), Manx (Rare)
Variant of Nola.

Numenia f English (Rare)
Hypothetical feminine form of Numenius which was occasionally used in the English-speaking world.

Numerian m English, German (Rare, Archaic), History
English and German form of Numerianus. This name was borne by a Roman Emperor from the 3rd century AD.

Nunito f & m English (American)
A Font

Nunnally m & f English (American, Rare), Popular Culture
Transferred use of the surname Nunnally. A notable bearer was the American filmmaker Nunnally Johnson (1897-1977). It was used for a female character in the Japanese anime television series 'Code Geass' (2006-2007) and its sequel (2008).

Nurine f English (Rare)
Variant of Nerine.

Nurysbel f American (Hispanic)

Nuta m English (American, Modern), Yiddish

Nutella f English (Rare)

Nutget f English

Nwabuoku f English

Nya f American (Modern, Rare)

Nyaire f & m American (Hispanic)

Nyall m English (British)

Nyan m Spanish (Modern, Rare), English (American, Modern, Rare)
Possibly a variant of Nian 2.

Nyana f English (Rare), African American (Modern)
Combination of the popular phonetic elements ny, ya and na, perhaps modelled on Ayanna.

Nyanna f English (Rare)
Variant of Nyana.

Ny'ashia f African American

Ny'Asia f African American (Modern)
Variant of Nyasia.

Nyasia f African American (Modern)
Combination of the phonetic prefix ny and Asia 1. Also compare Nyasha... [more]

Nycholas m English (American)
Variant of Nicholas.

Nyck m West Frisian (Rare), Dutch (Rare), English (Rare)
West Frisian cognate of Nick (also compare Nyckele) as well as a Dutch and English variant spelling of the name. In the anglophone world, this name can also be a direct short form of given names that contain nyck, such as Dominyck.... [more]

Nyckolas m English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nicholas

Nycole f English (Rare)
Variant of Nicole.

Nycolle f English (Rare), Portuguese (Brazilian, Rare)
Variant of Nicole.

Nydra f English (Rare)

Nyeemah f African American
Variant of Naima.

Nyela f English

Nyeli f English (American, Rare)
Variant spelling of Nayeli.

Nyella f American
Variant of Niella.

Nyesha f African American (Modern, Rare)
Rhyming variant of Iesha.

Nygel m English (Rare)
Variant of Nigel.

Nyia f American (Modern, Rare)

Nyiah f African American (Rare)
Variant of Nya.

Nyikairah f African American
IT was first used by queen Elizibeth what she wanted Princess Kate to name her baby but she found out it was a boy

Nyja f English (Rare)
Variant of Nijah.

Nyjae f African American (Rare)
Variant of Nijae.

Nyjah f & m African American (Rare)
Variant of Nijah.

Nykia f African American (Rare)
Variation of Nikia with the phonetic elements ny, kee and ya or possibly influenced by Nike.

Nykima f African American (Modern, Rare), Trinidadian Creole (Modern, Rare)

Nykira f African American (Modern, Rare)
Possibly a combination of the phonetic element ny and the name Kira 2.

Nykole f English (Modern)
Variant of Nicole.

Nylan m & f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Possibly a masculine form of Nyla, also used sometimes as feminine.

Nylasia f American (Modern, Rare)

Nyle m English (Rare)
Variant of Nile.

Nyleah f American (Modern, Rare)

Nyleen f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nylene.

Nylene f English (Rare)
Elaborated form of Nyla.

Nyleve f English (American, Rare)
Evelyn spelled backwards.

Nyliah f African American (Modern, Rare)
Meaning unknown, perhaps an invented name based on similar-sounding names such as Nyah, Aaliyah and Nyla.

Nylie f English
Diminutive of Nyla.

Nylo m African American (Modern, Rare)
Masculine form of Nyla.

Nylon m African American (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nylan and Nylo.

Nym f English (Rare)
Variant of Nim.

Nymph f American (Rare, Archaic)

Nyna f English (Modern, Rare)
Possibly a variant of Nina 1.

Nyoka f Popular Culture, African American, Jamaican Patois
The name of a character from two 15-part movie serials in the early 1940s: Jungle Girl (1941) and Perils of Nyoka (1942). The serials were based on the novel Jungle Girl (1932) by Edgar Rice Burroughs, in which the titular character was named Fou-tan... [more]

Nyomi f English (Modern)
Variant of Naomi 1.

Nyomie f English (Rare)
Variant of Naomi 1.

Nyonna f African American (Rare)
Variant of Nyana.

Nyra f English (Rare)
Possibly a variant of Nyrah.

Nyrah f English (New Zealand), English (Australian)
Anglicized form of Ngaire.

Nyreek m American (Modern, Rare)

Nyri f English (Rare)
Anglicization of Nairi, derived from the Assyrian name for a confederation of tribes in the Armenian Highlands.

Nyrie f English (Australian)
Possibly an Anglicized form of Ngaire.

Nysir m American (Modern, Rare)

Nyteisha f African American

Nyxia f American (Modern, Rare)
A variant of NYXIE, or a diminutive form of Nyx.

Nyxon m English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Nixon. According to the SSA, Nyxon was given to 16 boys in 2018.

Oak m English
Old English āc, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch eik and German Eiche.

Oakes m & f English
Transferred use of the surname Oakes.

Oakie m & f American (South)
American English regional name (Appalachian) influenced by Oak + -ie which is a common suffix added to names throughout Appalachia.

Oaklan m English (Modern)
Variant of Oaklyn.

Oakland m & f English (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Oakland.

Oaklea f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant spelling of Oakley.

Oaklei f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant spelling of Oakley.

Oakli f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant spelling of Oakley.

Oaklie f & m English (American, Rare)
Variant spelling of Oakley.

Oakly m English (American)
Variant of Oakley.

Oaks m English
Transferred use of the surname Oaks.

Oakwell m English
Transferred use of the surname Oakwell.

Oasis f & m English (Modern, Rare)
From the English word oasis referring to a cultivated area (often a date palm grove) in a desert or semi-desert environment. An oasis can also provide habitat for animals and spontaneous plants.... [more]

Oatha f American (Rare, Archaic)

Oatis m American (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Oatis. Also may be used as a variation of Otis.

Oats m English
Transferred use of the surname Oats.

Oax m English
Variant of Oaks.

Obama m English (American, Modern, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Obama. This name is given after the forty-fourth president of the United States Barack Obama.

Obed-Edom m English (Puritan), Biblical
Means "servant of Edom" in Hebrew, from the verb עבד ('abad) meaning "to work, to serve" and the name Edom, or possibly the word אדם ('adom) "red"... [more]

Obededom m English (Puritan)
Variant of Obed-Edom. Zaphnaphpaaneah Isaiah Obededom Nicodemus Francis Edward Clarke was baptized on 14 October 1804 in Beccles Church, Suffolk, England.

Obedience f English (Puritan), Romani (Archaic), American (South, Archaic)
From the English word obedience, the act of obeying.

O-Be-Joyful m English (Puritan, Archaic)

Obelia f English (Rare), Spanish (Latin American, Rare)
Variant of Obéline.

Obelie f American (Rare, Archaic)
Variant of Obelia.

Obéline f French (Rare), French (Quebec, Rare), English (Canadian, Rare, Archaic)
Means "spit, nail, rod, pointed pillar, horizontal line". From the Greek obelos (ὀβελός) with the French diminutive ending of -ine, -ie, or -ia.

Oberyn m Literature, Popular Culture, English
Variant of Oberon. Oberyn Martell is a character in 'Game of Thrones' and it's origin series 'A Song of Ice and Fire' by George R. R. Martin.

Obey m & f English (Puritan)
Meaning, "behave in accordance with (a general principle, natural law, etc.)." Referring to fearing and obeying God.

Obie m English
Diminutive of names that begin with Ob-, like Obadiah, Obed and Oberon.

Obie f English

Oblad m English (American)

Obri m English (Rare)
Variant of Aubrey.

Obryn m English
Variant of Oberon.

Obsidian m American (Modern, Rare), Popular Culture
Derived from obsidian, the English name for a specific type of volcanic glass. The name is ultimately derived from Latin obsidianus meaning "of Obsidius", after the Roman (also called Obsius in some instances) who supposedly was the first to discover this type of volcanic glass... [more]

Occy m English (Australian)
Given in honour of surfer Mark Occhilupo, whose nickname is "Occy", short for his Italian surname, which means "eyes of the wolf". At the same time it is a play on the word "occy straps", short for "octopus straps" - used by surfers to tie their surfboards to a car roof.

Oceana f English (Rare), Brazilian (Rare, ?), German (Rare, ?)
Feminine form of Oceanus. As an English name, this was coined in the early 19th century.

Oceander m English (Rare)

Oceania f American (Modern, Rare)
Elaboration of Oceana.

Oceanna f English (Rare)
Variant of Oceana.

Oceia f English (American, Rare), English
Possibly an elaboration from the word ocean.

Ocelia f Portuguese (Brazilian, Rare), French (Quebec, Rare), Louisiana Creole (Rare), English (American, Archaic)

Ochre m & f English (Rare, Archaic)
From Old French ocre, via Latin from Greek ōkhra ‘yellow ocher.’

Ocie m & f American (Rare)
Unisex name of unknown origin used primarily in the southeastern US.

Ocieanna f English (Rare)
Variation of Oceana.

Ocpatl f English

Octa f English
Possible diminutive of Octavia.

Octaivia f English
Variant of Octavia.

Octalana f American (Rare)

Octavious m African American, English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Octavius.

Octovia f English (Modern)
Variant of Octavia.

Odalysis f American (Hispanic)
A variant of Odalys or Odalis influenced by the French word for lily, which is lys. The meaning of Odalis being "fatherland" or "wealth, fortune," the meaning of Odalysis could be interpreted as "lily of the fatherland" or "wealth of lilies."

Oddie m & f English (Rare)
Variant of Odie.

Odea f Louisiana Creole
Cognate of Odéa.

Odee m & f English (Modern)
A variation of the name Odell

Odele f English (New Zealand, Rare), Dutch (Rare), Afrikaans (Rare)

Odeliya f Russian (Rare), English (Rare)
Russian form of Odelia 1.

Odella f English
May be a variant of Odelia 1 or a feminization of Odell.

Odelle f English (Rare)
Variant of Odell and rare form of Odelia 1.

Odesser f American (South, Rare)
Variant of Odessa derived from colloquial pronunciation.

Odhran m English
Anglicised form of Odhrán.

Odia f American (South), French (Acadian, Archaic), French (Quebec, Archaic), Louisiana Creole
Variant of Odéa and cognate of Odea. This name was borne by singer Odia Coates (1941–1991).

Odie m & f English
Diminutive of names such as Otis, Odell, Odessa, and Oda.

Odillya f English (Archaic)
Form of Odilia borne by a short-lived daughter (1598) of the poet Emilia Lanier and Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon.

Odinn m English (American)

Odis m English (American)
Variant of Otis.

Odonahue m English
Transferred use of the surname O'Donahue.

Odus m English
Variant of Otis.

Odyssey f English (American, Modern, Rare)
From the English word meaning "an adventurous voyage" and "a spiritual quest", derived from Greek Ὀδύσσεια (Odysseia), literally "of Odysseus"... [more]

Oella f American, English
It is the name of a small historic mill town in Maryland founded in 1808 that inspired generations of women's name in one family.

Offie m English
Possibly a diminutive of Ophrah.

Offutt m English (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Offutt.

Ofspring m English (Rare, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname Ofspring. The maternal grandfather of Ofspring Blackall (1655–1716) was named Charles Ofspring.

Og m & f English
Diminutive of Ogden.

Ogee m American (South)
American English regional name (Appalachian) influenced by Auggie.

Ogga f American (South)
American English regional name (Appalachian) influenced by the name Olga.

Oggie m English (Rare)
Diminutive of Ogden or any other any other name beginning with 'Og'.

Ogie f American (South)

Ognir m English

Ohio m American
From the name of the state in the United States of America. The origin of the name came from the roquois word, O-Y-O meaning "great river".

Ojay m English (Rare)
Phonetic spelling of the initials OJ.

Okelyn f English (American, Modern)
Variant of Oaklyn

Okelynn f English (American, Modern)
Variant of Oaklyn

Okey m American
Transferred use of the surname Okey.

Oklahoma f English (American, Rare)
From the name of the state in the central United States. It is derived from Choctaw okla "people, nation" and humma "red, crimson, scarlet, ruddy" and by extension "honored, brave".

Oktober f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of October.

Olafe m American (Rare)
Variant of Olaf.

Olan m English (American, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Olan.

Oland m English (American)
Name of unknown meaning. Oland is possibly comprised of the Swedish elements ö, meaning "island," and land, meaning "land."... [more]

Olandrea f African American (Rare), Melanesian (Rare)
Perhaps related to Oleandra or Oleander.

Olaph m African (Rare), English (American, Rare)
Variant of Olaf.

Olaphine f American (South)

Olar f American
Likely a variant of Ola.

Olave f English (Rare)
Corruption of Olive, if not an adaption of the Norwegian name. A known bearer is the English aristocrat Olave Baden-Powell (1889-1977), the founder of the Girl Guiding movement.

Olden m English (Rare), Haitian Creole
Variant of Alden.

Oleander m & f Greek (Rare), English (Rare)
The name Oleander originated as an Greek name. In Greek, the name Oleander means "an evergreen tree."... [more]

Olen m English (American, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Olen.... [more]

Oleta f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of Aleta.

Oletha f English

Olethea f African American (Rare)
Possibly a variant of Alethea.

Olevia f American
Variant of Olivia.

Olevian m English (American, Rare)
Olevian is a latinised word meaning "from Olewig" (a town today incorporated into Trier, Germany).... [more]

Oleviana f English (American, Rare)
A feminine form of Olevian.

Oley m English
Variant of Ole, reflecting on the Danish and Norwegian pronunciation of the name.

Olezida f Louisiana Creole (Rare, Archaic)

Olganna f English (American, Rare)
Blend of Olga and Anna.

Olgara f American
Possibly an elaboration of Olga.

Olgie f English (American, Rare, Archaic)
Diminutive of Olga.

Olidon m Louisiana Creole (Rare, Archaic)
Variant of Odilon.

Olie m & f English (Rare)
Variant of Ollie.

Olima f American (Rare, Archaic)

Olin m English (American)
Transferred use of the surname Olin.

Olivander m English (Rare)
Variant of Ollivander.

Olivea f English (American)
Variant of Olivia. Olivea was given to 13 girls in 2018 according to the SSA.

Olivene f English (Rare), Jamaican Patois
Variant of Olivine.

Olivett f English (American, Rare)
Variant of Olivette.

Oliviah f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Olivia.

Olivianna f English (American, Modern)
Elaboration of Olivia.

Olivine f English (Rare), French (Rare), Jamaican Patois (Rare)
Diminutive or elaborated form of Olive, or directly from the English and French word olivine that denotes a type of gemstone, whose name ultimately goes back to Latin oliva "olive" (so named in the late 18th century for its olive green color).

Oliviyah f English (American, Modern)
Variant of Olivia. According to the SSA, Oliviyah was given to 6 girls in 2018.

Olivya f Russian (Rare), English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Olivia.

Olizabeth f English
Variant of Elizabeth.

Olla f American (South, Archaic)

Olli m & f English (British, Modern)
Variant of Ollie, a diminutive of Oliver.

Ollis m English
Transferred use of the surname Ollis.

Ollivander m English (American, Modern, Rare), Popular Culture
Surname of Garrick Ollivander, a wizard and the owner of Ollivander's Wand Shop in the Harry Potter book series and movie franchise by J. K. Rowling. In the Harry Potter universe the name is said to be of Mediterranean origin and mean "he who owns the olive wand".

Olliver m Swedish (Modern), Norwegian (Rare), Danish (Rare), English (Rare)
Variant of Oliver.

Ollivia f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Olivia

Ollye f English
Feminine spelling of Olly.

Ollyver m American (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Oliver.

Olofsson m American (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Olofsson.

Olphida f Louisiana Creole

Olson m English (Modern)
Transferred use of the surname Olson.

Olton m English (Rare), Dutch (Surinamese)

Olveen m English

Olympian m & f English (American)
Variation of Olympia, Olympios.

Olynthia f English (Rare)

Olyphant m American (Rare, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname Olyphant.

Olyva f English (American, Rare)
Variant of Oliva.

Olyve f English (American, Rare)
Variant of Olive.

Olyvea f American (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Olivia.

Olyver m English (Rare)
Variant of Oliver

Olyviah f English (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Olivia.

Olyvya f English (American, Modern)
Variant of Olivia.

Oma f American (Rare, Archaic)
Short form of Naoma.

Omah m Trinidadian Creole (Rare), American (Rare), Nigerian (Rare)

Omara f Spanish (Latin American, Rare), American (Hispanic, Rare)
Feminine form of Omar 1.

Omaria f African American
Feminization of Omarion.

Omarion m African American
Elaborated form of Omar 1.

Omarosa f English (American, Rare)
Variant form of Omarose. A known bearer of this name is the American reality television personality Omarosa (b. 1974), who was born as Omarose Onee Manigault.

Omeka f African American (Rare)

Omelia f English (Rare), American (South, Rare, Archaic)

Omèr m Louisiana Creole
Louisiana Creole form of Homer.

Omère f & m French (Rare), Louisiana Creole
French feminine form and Louisiana Creole masculine variant of Omer.

Omi f English (Archaic), Romani (Archaic)
Diminutive of Naomi 1.

Omie f English (American, Archaic)
Meaning unknown, possibly a diminutive of Naomi 1.