Taliba is the Arabic word for female student (male student = talib). I've never heard it used as a name.The word Taliban comes from Arabic talib (student) and the Pashto plural ending -an, so it literally means "students." When I learned the word for student in my Arabic class, I immediately thought of the Taliban. Perhaps the reason I have never seen this name is because its usage declined since the emergence of the Taliban.
Taliba sounds like a feminine form of the word talib, which is someone who is part of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. I'll admit that Taliban is the first thing I think of when I see this name. I advise AGAINST naming your daughter this.