I find the origin of this name so interesting it’s obviously related to the name Cordelia and must have been used in various forms in ancient Roman and post Roman times. St. Cordula along with St Ursula were said to have been from Cornwall which has a strong Celtic history as the English (Anglo-Saxons) did not settle the far south west of what is now England so like in Wales its Celtic heritage remained intact. Personally I prefer the name Cordelia with the ancient and mythical queen of the Britons described by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century and of course the Shakespearean Cordelia from the play King Lear. But as I said, Cordula and Cordelia are clearly the same name, Cordula is simply an early variant of Cordelia.
The name comes from Latin and means as much as sweet hearts or lateborn. The name was selected gladly for lateborn daughters. Other forms are Cordelia, Kordelia, Cora, Kordula. Name day is 22 October.